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- A Treasury Bill Price and Yield Calculator For Bills with More
- than 182 days to Maturity
- By Fred Shipley, Ph.D.
- Computerized Investing, March/April 1989
-
- The January/February issue of Computerized Investing contained
- a worksheet (TBILLS1.WKS) for determining the yield on Treasury
- bills with six months or less until maturity. The formulas here
- will do the same calculations for bills with maturities of more
- than six months. To generate the information needed, check a
- current Wall Street Journal, Barron's or other financial
- publication. Quotes are usually given as discount yields. The
- discount yield is the uncompounded yield, based on the discount
- price and a 360 day year. The coupon-equivalent yield is an
- uncompounded semiannual yield that can be compared with quoted
- yields to maturity for coupon bonds, such as corporate bonds.
-
- Enter the discount yield information into cell D4, the maturity
- into cell D6, the current date into cell D7, and the spreadsheet
- will determine the coupon-equivalent yield. In entering the
- current date, we use the @NOW function that Release 2 of 1-2-3
- provides. Since this function also returns the current time as
- a decimal part of the date, we use the integer rounding function
- (@INT) to remove it. Other spreadsheets may not contain this
- information. Failure to remove the time part of the date will
- result in some error in the price and yield calculations. If
- your spreadsheet does not support the @NOW function, you can use
- the @DATE function, which would appear as @DATE(year,month,day).
-
- While this information is useful, an investor may also want to
- know the value of the bills for portfolio valuation purposes or
- for a possible sale. We use the bid yield, since that gives a
- price that has been offered to purchase bills (and the bid price
- will be lower than the asked price). Note that it is incorrect
- in labeling cell A4 as the asked yield--it is the bid yield.
-
- For individuals wanting to program these formulas in another
- spreadsheet, or another language such as BASIC, the formulas are
- presented below.
-
- EQUATION A
-
-
- P = F - D
- (1)
-
- D = F ˛ d ˛ (t/360)
- (2)
-
- Yc = -2t/365 + 2[(t/365)^2 - (2t/365 - 1)(1 - 1/P)]^1/2
- ---------------------------------------------------
-
- (3)
- (2t/365) - 1
-
-
- where: P is the price of the T Bill
-
- F is the face value of the bill. ($10,000 is the minimum
- denomination of T bills; quotes in the media are usually for
- round lots of $1,000,000. Frequently quoted as a
- percentage˛˛so the face value would be 100.)
-
- D is the dollar amount of the discount. Determined from the
- discount yield.
-
- d is the discount yield. This figure is what is reported in
- the financial media. (We use the bid discount yield as
- reported in the Wall Street Journal in our example. See
- Figure
- X.)
-
- t is the time to maturity, in number of days.
-
- Yc is the coupon-equivalent yield for bills with more than
- 182 days until maturity.
-
- You can combine the coupon-equivalent formula presented above with
- equation in the January/February issue to create a single worksheet
- which will handle bills of any maturity by using an @IF statement.
- The form of this statement is:
-
- @IF(condition, true, false)
-
- This means that 1-2-3 will examine the condition that appears
- within
- the parentheses to see if it is true or false. (Most spreadsheet
- programs and programming languages support a similar function.) If
- the statement is true, 1-2-3 will execute whatever appears next; if
- false, 1-2-3 will execute the last statement within the
- parentheses.
- These conditions or statements within the parentheses can be
- numbers,
- formulas, cell references or anything else that Lotus recognizes.
- The result is displayed in the cell in which the formula appears.
-
- For example, if A1 contained the number 1, A2 contained the number
- 2, and cell A3 contained @IF(A1>A2,A1,A2); then A3 would show 2.
- Since A1 is 1 and A2 is 2, the statement A1>A2 is false. Thus A3
- displays the false value, which is the value of A2--that is, 2.
-
- To use the @IF function here, we must determine whether the
- difference between the maturity date and the current date is more
- than 182 days--six months. If so, we want to evaluate the equation
- for the yield, based on formula 3 above. If the difference is less
- than or equal to 182 days, we want to use formula (4), which
- appeared in the January/February issue.
-
- Yc = 365d/(360 - dt)
- (4)
-
- The complete form of the @IF statement should then be inserted into
- cell D12; the formula follows.
-
- D12: @IF(($D$6-$D$7>182),(-2*($D$6-$D$7)/365+
- (2*((($D$6-$D$7)/365)^2-(2*(($D$6-$D$7)/365)-1)*
- (1-1/($D$10/$D$3)))^0.5))/(2*($D$6-$D$7)/365-1),
- (365*$D$4)/(360-$D$4*($D$6-$D$7)))
-
- For simplicity you may want to create a separate spreadsheet for
- each case--one for the six month or shorter maturities--and one for
- those longer than six months.
-
- (c) Copyright 1989 by the
- American Association of Individual Investors